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DR. LINGWOOD:
      There are several things that can compromise the epithelial barrier and one of them is the mechanism by which the intact E. coli organism binds to the gastrointestinal mucosa. And here is shown enteropathic E. coli relative to enterohemorrhagic E. coli that make verotoxin. And they undergo this and so does hemorrhagic E. coli, this very complex procedure of attachment to an epithelial cell.
      They have these long what's called bundle forming villi which touch down on the cell, and then this becomes closer. There's some reorganization of actin filaments underneath the bacterial cells that are stuck on the cell. And then they form this huge pedestal on the cell surface, and that's shown here.
      So you see most of the villi are removed from the cell and they form this pedestal with bacterium stuck on the top.




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